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| N |
| A |
| DL |
Kun käytämme adjektiiveja datiivi-lokatiivissa (DL) olevien substantiivien, myös niiden tulee olla DL-muodossa. Päätteet ovat melko yksinkertaiset, mutta eroavat substantiivien päätteistä suuresti:
| suku | adj. DL | esimerkki |
|---|---|---|
| fem. | -oj | velikoj ribi
isolle kalalle |
| neut. | -om (osa -em) |
velikom jezeru
isolle järvelle |
| mask. | velikom zidu
isolle seinälle |
Kuten aiemmin mainitsin – kahden maskuliinisuvun välillä (toinen ihmisille ja eläimille ja toinen lopuille) ei ole eroa – ainoana poikkeuksena akkusatiivi. Itse asiassa useimmissa sijamuodoissa (N:ää ja A:ta lukuun ottamatta) muotoja on vain kaksi: feminiinimuoto ja muiden sukujen muoto. Adjektiivien taivutus on siis huomattavasti yksinkertaisempi kuin se voisi olla: DL:nkin tapauksessa muistettavia päätteitä on vain kaksi.
Esimerkiksi:
Ivan živi u maloj kući. Ivan asuu pienessä talossa.
Ana živi u velikom stanu. Ana asuu isossa asunnossa.
Päätettä -em käytetään, kun adjektiivi päättyy johonkin kroatian kielen "erityiskirjaimeen", samoin kuin akkusatiivissa ja neutrin nominatiivissa.
Kirjoituksissa tapaa toisinaan myös datiivi-lokatiivin pidempiä muotoja: -omu, -ome and -emu.®
Pääte -oj on hyvin tunnusomainen feminiinin DL:lle: kun näet sen adjektiivissa, voit olla melko varma että se – ja sitä seuraava substantiivi – ovat DL:ssä. Muutama substantiivi tosin päättyy nominatiivissa -oj (esim. broj numero ja stroj kone)
Kuten A:ssa, possessiivipronominilla moj minun on maskuliinissa ja neutrissa säännönmukaisen muodon mojem ohella lyhennetty muoto mom, joka on paljon yleisempi ja tarkoittaa täsmälleen samaa.
Bussi- ja juna-asemat sekä -pysäkit ovat yleisiä sijainteja: niiden kroatiankieliset nimet ovat adjektiivin (jonka voi jättää poiskin, kun aseman tyyppi on ilmiselvä) ja substantiivista :
|
autobusniʷ¹ adj. bussi-
® željeznički adj. juna- |
kolodvor asema
® stanica pysäkki |
Niitä käytetään aina preposition na¨ kanssa. Esimerkiksi:
Čekamo na autobusnomʷ¹ kolodvoru. Odotamme bussiasemalla.
Zagrebin juna-aseman nimi on Glavni kolodvor (Pää-asema, adj. + subs.) ja raitiovaunupysäkki tramvajska stanica. Sanan stanica sijaan käytetään joskus myös sanaa postaja, etenkin virallisissa kuulutuksissa.
Nyt saammekin viimein selville, miten Kroatiassa sanotaan kroatiaksi! Asiaa monimutkaistaa se, että sana Hrvatska on todellisuudessa adjektiivi. Sitä käytetään maan nimenä, mutta se taipuu silti adjektiivin tavoin (feminiinissä). Tulee siis sanoa:
Ana živi u Hrvatskoj. Ana asuu Kroatiassa.
Eräitä muita maita, joiden nimi on oikeastaan (feminiinisukuinen) adjektiivi:
|
Češka Tšekki Engleska Englanti Finska Suomi Francuska Ranska Grčka Kreikka Irska Irlanti Mađarska Unkari ® |
Nizozemska Alankomaat
® Njemačka Saksa Poljska Puola Slovačka Slovakia Španjolska Espanja ® Švedska Ruotsi Švicarska Sveitsi ® |
Sääntö tähän on siis:
Kaikki maannimet, jotka päättyvät joko -ska, -čka tai -ška, kuten Škotska Skotlanti, Slovačka Slovakia ja Norveška Norja taipuvat fem. adjektiiveina.
Näin ollen:
Madrid je u Španjolskoj. Madrid on Espanjassa.
Of course, if we put an adjective before a country name that is really an adjective, both words change like an adjective:
Živim u hladnoj Škotskoj. I live in cold Scotland.
The adjective is feminine because the noun (I mean... the adjective-used-as-a-country-name) Škotska Scotland is feminine, and it’s feminine because it (like all other adjectives-used-as-country-names) ends in -a.
Such adjectives-used-as-country-names are historically just shortened forms of e.g. poljska zemlja Polish country. And that’s the reason why all such country names are feminine – the noun zemlja country/ground was left out long ago, but the gender has remained.
Not all countries have such names, many behave as normal nouns, which can be either feminine (if ending in -a) or masculine inanimate (otherwise):
|
Bosna Bosnia Brazil (») Brazil |
Italija Italy Kina China |
Rusija Russia Srbija Serbia |
It’s interesting that country names in Croatian cannot be neuter; even names like Čile Chile and Monako Monaco are masculine inanimate.
Certain place names in Croatia and neighboring countries behave like adjectives, e.g.:
Makarska → DL Makarskoj
Novi Vinodolski → DL Novom Vinodolskom
Occasionally, a name can consist of two adjectives (e.g. the seaside town Novi Vinodolski above).
Some countries (and cities!) have names that consist of an adjective + a noun. Each will get specific endings. Such names are e.g. Crna Gora Montenegro and Velika Gorica, a city next to Zagreb:
Ivana je u Velikoj Gorici. Ivana is in Velika Gorica.
Predrag živi u Crnoj Gori. Predrag lives in Montenegro.
Names of lakes, seas and oceans in Croatian are also often made of an adjective and a noun:
Jadransko more Adriatic Sea → u Jadranskom moru
Atlantski ocean Atlantic Ocean → u Atlantskom oceanu ®
There are more nouns in Croatian that are (historically) adjectives and therefore change as adjectives. For example, the name of the month of November in Croatian changes as an adjective. To inform you about it, I will indicate such behavior with (adj.) after the noun:
studeni (adj.) November ®
Another very frequent use of nouns-that-are-actually-adjectives are names of languages. The full name of a language is e.g.:
engleski jezik the English language
talijanskiʷ¹ jezik the Italian language
They are very often shortened just to adjectives (e.g. engleski, talijanskiʷ¹) which keep the gender of the noun jezik – masculine inanimate. Such adjectives that stand for countries of origin and languages are:
|
češki Czech engleski English francuski French hrvatski Croatian njemački German |
ruski Russian srpski Serbian španjolski Spanish ® švedski Swedish talijanskiʷ¹ Italian |
If you compare them to the country names above, you can verify that the country names are actually just feminine versions of these adjectives. For a comprehensive list of country names and associated adjectives, check L2 Countries and Nationalities.
To say that something is in some language, you should use na¨ + adjective in masc. DL:
Knjiga je na njemačkom. The book is in German.
If you want to ask how to say some word on some other language (including Croatian) you should use a sentence like this:
Kako se kaže „carrot” na hrvatskom?
(Such sentences exactly correspond to Italian come si dice and Spanish cómo se dice, so you will find another similarity to those languages.)
If you want to say that you speak or don’t speak a language, you should use the verb znati know:
Učim hrvatski. I’m learning Croatian.
Znam engleski. I ‘know’ English. (= I speak)
Ana ne zna ruski. Ana doesn’t ‘know’ Russian. (= doesn’t speak)
(I hope you remember that this verb shifts the stress to ne¨ in both Standard and ‘western’ stress scheme.)
Adjectives in the three sentences above were in the accusative case; it’s here identical to the nominative, since the noun jezik is a masculine inanimate noun, i.e. not standing for an animal or people (parts of people don’t count!) so it has accusative identical to the nominative case.
Adjectives listed above can be used anywhere where you want to express that something belongs or originates from a country, e.g.:
Amélie je francuski film. Amélie is a French movie.
Adjectives like njemački are often used with the preposition na¨, to mean language lessons: either as directions (going to) or locations (attending):
Goran je na engleskom. Goran is in the English class/lesson.
Sutra idemići na engleski. I’m going to the English class/lesson tomorrow.
The usual distinction of na¨ + A vs. na¨ + DL applies, of course, and adjectives are in the masculine inanimate gender.
However, such adjectives cannot be used on their own to describe persons, you cannot use the word hrvatski for people (e.g. for Croat, or Croatian, a person from Croatia)! Croatian uses specific nouns for that. Here are just ones for Croat, Bosnian and Serb; as you maybe expect, there are specific words for males and females:
| male | female | |
|---|---|---|
| Croat | Hrvat | Hrvatica |
| Bosnian | Bosanac (Bosanc-) | Bosanka |
| Serb | Srbin | Srpkinja |
For a comprehensive list of names of persons of various nationalities, check L2 Countries and Nationalities.
________
® Such longer endings of adjectives are extremely rare in Serbia and Bosnia.
Instead of autobusniʷ¹, a slightly different adjective is used in Serbia: autobuski. Both forms are used in Bosnia.
The word kolodvor is specific to Croatia: in Bosnia and Serbia, just stanica is used.
Instead of ocean (»), a slightly different word okean (») is used in Serbia and most of Bosnia (note that Croatian c is a completely different sound than k).
The word studeni (adj.) for the month of November is used only in Croatia (rarely in Bosnia).
You’ll occassionally see an alternative spelling Madžarska, instead of Mađarska.
Instead of Nizozemska, Španjolska and Švicarska, words Holandija, Španija and Švajcarska are used in Serbia and most of Bosnia, and the first two words behave as normal nouns; instead of španjolski, adjective španski prevails there.
